Defining Knowledge
Knowledge can be defined as the understanding of a particular topic. This understanding can be acquired through formal education, informal education, and experience. We can have knowledge on many different topics and, given the right tools and environment, we have the capacity to learn new knowledge on any topic of our choosing.
When building knowledge, we usually use bits of data and information to assemble an understanding of a topic. What’s important in our knowledge assembly is that our data and information fit within a certain context. Think of putting together a puzzle. The picture on the box forms the context. We see the larger idea (context) and use the pieces (data and information) to put the picture together. Without the proper context, we cannot build the puzzle to see the larger picture.
In isolation, data and information has no value. With context, however, it can be used to lead to action. Let’s look at an example. You are a teacher grading a test that your students have submitted. You could potentially grade this test using your judgment, or you could use a tool for assessment, such as a prepared rubric. With your judgment alone, it is hard to get an in-depth knowledge of your students’ academic standing. Without a rubric to help guide you and give context, the bits of data and information you collect have little meaning. With a rubric, however, you have a clear, concise picture of where your students stand and you have the ability to communicate this knowledge to them. Based on this knowledge, you and your students can decide what action needs to be taken.
Tacit Versus Explicit Knowledge
Explicit knowledge can be defined as knowledge that can be easily transferred. It can be written down or told to you. This knowledge is easily captured and easily extracted. For example, if you would like to make banana bread and have the right tools, you can simply find a recipe and get to it.
Tacit knowledge is much more difficult to pinpoint. This knowledge is silent. It includes the knowledge that comes from experience, know-how, personal conclusions, and insights. This knowledge is hard to express or put into words.
For example, the act of riding a bicycle is a form of tacit knowledge. With time and practice, this act becomes second nature. However, if you had to teach someone else to ride a bike, you may find this process difficult to put into words. You may emphasize that they need to keep their balance, but this will not teach them to ride the bike. They need to develop their own tacit knowledge for this skill so that the skill becomes an automatic action. Unlike the recipe for the banana bread, tacit knowledge is difficult to communicate in a systematic manner.